How parents and others encourage some behavior and discourage other behavior.

• A. Manipulation
• B. Masculinity
• C. Globalization
• D. Laws

Answer: (A)

Shaping behavior through rewards and sanctions used by family and others is manipulation in the context of socialization and social control. Parents and other adults encourage certain actions by praising, rewarding, or approving them, and discourage others through punishment, disapproval, or setting consequences. This ongoing process helps individuals learn what is expected in their culture and internalize those norms so their behavior aligns with social expectations. The other options don’t fit this idea: laws are formal rules enforced by the state and operate at a societal level rather than through everyday interpersonal influence; globalization is about global interconnectedness rather than how individuals are guided to behave; masculinity refers to a gendered identity and set of norms, not the mechanism by which behavior is shaped in daily life.