How do formal sanctions differ from informal social controls?

• A. Formal sanctions rely on peer pressure.
• B. Formal sanctions are official rewards or punishments; informal controls rely on everyday interactions.
• C. Informal controls require formal rules.
• D. Both are identical in function.

Answer: (B)

The main idea here is how societies enforce norms through two different channels: formal sanctions and informal social controls. Formal sanctions are official rewards or punishments issued by institutions with codified rules, like schools, workplaces, or legal systems, and they follow documented procedures. Informal controls come from everyday interactions and social expectations—praise, disapproval, exclusion, or gossip—without formal rules or procedures. So the statement is best because it captures that formal sanctions are official and standardized, while informal controls rely on ordinary social life.

Relying on peer pressure is more typical of informal controls, not formal ones, so that part wouldn’t fit. Informal controls don’t require formal rules, which makes that option incorrect. And saying they’re identical ignores clear differences in how they operate and enforce norms.